关注埃博拉疫情盘点生物安全实验室

2014年08月14日 15:06:43 人气: 13723 来源: 仪表网

法国的让-梅里厄P4实验室　　

　　【仪表网行业上下游】随着埃博拉疫情的日益严峻，美国疾控中心和世界卫生组织拉响埃博拉疫情警报，这也使媒体对埃博拉病毒关注的目光，纷纷转向研究埃博拉病毒的利器——P4实验室。
　　
　　生物安全实验室共分4级(Biosafety Level 1-4)，生物安全4级实验室又常被称为P4实验室，P指Pathogen（病原）or Protection（保护）。生物安全4级实验室是生物安全研究领域的实验室，其造价也是昂贵的，因此数量很少。即使是在范围内，生物安全4级实验室也只有56个，这还包括一些正在建设中的。

56家P4实验室

序号	名字	位置	建设时间	说明
序号	名字	位置	建设时间	说明
1	Virology Laboratory of the Queensland Department of Health	Australia, Queensland, Coopers Plains
2	Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC)	Osong, Cheongwon county, North Chungcheong province, South Korea	2013
3	University of Queensland - Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre (SASVRC) Royal Women's Hospital Brisbane P3 (BL3)	Australia, Queensland, Herston
4	Australian Animal Health Laboratory	Australia, Victoria, Geelong
5	National High Security Laboratory	Australia, Victoria, North Melbourne		National High Security Laboratory Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory.
6	Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology	Belarus, Minsk		Department of Molecular Epidemiology & Innovational Biotechnologies
7	National Microbiology Laboratory	Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg		Located at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, it is jointly operated by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency.
8	Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences	China, Hubei, Wuhan	2003	Wuhan Institute of Virology already hosts a BSL-3 laboratory. A distinct BSL-4 facility is currently being built based on P4 standards, the original technology for confinement developed by France. It will be the first at level 4 in China, under the direction of Shi Zhengli.
9	Biological Defense Center	Czech Republic, Pardubice, Těchonín	1971, rebuilt 2003-2007	Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany (Biological Defense Center)[13]
10	Laboratoire P4 Jean Mérieux	France, Rhône-Alpes, Lyon	Jean Mérieux laboratory is a co-operation between the Pasteur Institute and INSERM. Note that in France, it is P4 for Pathogen or Protection level 4.
11	Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville	Gabon		This facility is operated by a research organization supported by both Gabonese (mainly) and French governments, and is West Africa's only P4 lab (BSL-4).
12	Robert Koch Institute	Germany, Berlin		The facility was licenced for construction by City of Berlin on November 30, 2008.
13	Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine	Germany, Hamburg
14	Friedrich Loeffler Institute on the Isle of Riems	Germany, Isle of Riems (Greifswald)	2010	Deals especially with virology
15	Philipps University of Marburg	Germany, Marburg	2008	The facility is licenced to work with genetically modified organisms
16	High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL)	India, Bhopal	1998	This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats.
17	Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology	India, Hyderabad	2009	National Bio-Safety Level-4 Containment Facility for Human Infectious Diseases & Clinical Research Facility in Regenerative Medicine.
18	All India Institute of Medical Sciences	India, New Delhi	1993	Conducts studies on major pathogenic organisms. Has contributed in discovering new strains & vaccines.
19	Microbial Containment Complex	India, Pune	2012	Bio-Safety Level-IV Laboratory established by ICMR with support from Department of Science & Technology
20	Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Luigi Sacco	Italy, Lombardy, Milan		A university hospital in Polo Universitario; it contains two special vehicles for transporting infectious persons.
21	Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive	Italy, Lazio, Rome		This facility, (trans.) National Institute of Infectious Diseases, operates within the Lazzaro Spallanzani Hospital.
22	National Institute for Infectious Diseases	Japan, Tokyo, Musashimurayama		Located at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I; this lab has the potential of operating as a BSL-4, however it is limited to perform work on only BSL-3 agents due to opposition from local residents and communities.
23	Institute of Physical and Chemical Research	Japan, Ibaraki, Tsukuba		This is a non-operating BSL-4 facility.
24	Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)	Netherlands, Bilthoven	2009
25	Cantacuzino Microbiological Research Institute (INCDMI)	Romania, Bucharest
26	"Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military Hospital	Romania, Bucharest
27	State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR	Russia, Novosibirsk Oblast, Koltsovo		It is one of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox. The other Russian BSL-4 facilities have been dismantled.
28	National Institute for Communicable Diseases	South Africa, Johannesburg		National Institute for Communicable Diseases of Special Pathogens Unit is one of only two BSL-4 facilities in Africa but the only suit laboratory on the continent.
29	Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control	Sweden, Solna		Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control is Scandinavia's P4 facility.
30	University Hospital of Geneva	Switzerland
31	Spiez Laboratory	Switzerland, Spiez
32	Kwen-yang Laboratory (昆阳实验室) Center of Disease Control	Taiwan		Part of the Department of Health, Taiwan.
33	Preventive Medical Institute of ROC Ministry of National Defense	Taiwan
34	Health Protection Agency's Centre for Infections	United Kingdom, Colindale		Located in the Viral Zoonosis unit.
35	National Institute for Medical Research	United Kingdom, London
36	Institute for Animal Health	United Kingdom, Pirbright
37	Institute for Animal Health Compton Laboratory	United Kingdom, Compton
38	Defence Science and Technology Laboratory	United Kingdom, Porton Down
39	Health Protection Agency	United Kingdom, Porton Down		Special Pathogens Reference Unit.
40	Health Protection Agency	United Kingdom, Porton Down		Botulism.
41	Francis Crick Institute^[22]	United Kingdom, London		Under construction. The UKCMRI will not work on Human Hazard Group 4 agents.
42	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	United States, Georgia, Atlanta		Currently operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially hold smallpox.
43	Georgia State University	United States, Georgia, Atlanta		Is an older design "glovebox" facility.
44	National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Kansas State University	United States, Kansas, Manhattan		Under construction. Facility to be operated by the Department of Homeland Security, and replace the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (which is not a BSL-4 facility). Planned to be operational by 2015, but likely delayed.
45	National Institutes of Health (NIH)	United States, Maryland, Bethesda		Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents.
46	Integrated Research Facility	United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick		Under construction. This facility will be operated by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), it is planned to begin operating at 2009 at the earliest.
47	National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC)	United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick		Under construction, it will be operated for the Department of Homeland Security.
48	US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)	United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick	1969	Old building
49	US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)	United States, Maryland, Fort Detrick	2017	New building, currently under construction
50	National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory (NEIDL), Boston University	United States, Massachusetts, Boston		Under construction by Boston University, building and staff training complete, waiting for regulatory approval.
51	NIAID Rocky Mountain Laboratories	United States, Montana, Hamilton		National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
52	Kent State University, Kent Campus	United States, Ohio, Kent		Operates as a clean lab at level 3 for training purposes. Scheduled for conversion to a hot level 4 lab in response to a bioterrorism event in the USA.
53	Galveston National Laboratory, National Biocontainment Facility	United States, Texas, Galveston		Opened in 2008, facility is operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch.[23]
54	Shope Laboratory	United States, Texas, Galveston		Operated by the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB).
55	Texas Biomedical Research Institute	United States, Texas, San Antonio		The only privately owned BSL-4 lab in the US.
56	Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services	United States, Virginia, Richmond		This facility is part of the Department of General Services of the Commonwealth of Virginia. so called "surge" BSL-4 capacity.

　　
　　P4实验室适用于对人体具有高度危险性，通过气溶胶途径传播或传播途径不明，目前尚无有效的疫苗或治疗方法的致病微生物及其毒素。与上述情况类似的不明微生物接触，也必须在P4实验室中进行。正因为如此，有人把P4实验室叫做“魔鬼实验室”，这个实验室中装有特殊的空调系统，进入这里的空气温度与湿度都是预先设定好的，过滤程度达到99.999％，能保障空气在整个环境中一小时循环多次。实验室采用定向负压系统，其核心区的压强达到负40帕，这样实验室空气的流动，只能是通过过滤器从外面进来，而保证实验室内的空气不向外流动。
　　
　　各地P4实验室的设计不尽相同，典型的P4实验室由更衣区、过滤区、缓冲区、消毒区、核心区组成。在实验室的四周装有空气过滤器。到达实验室的核心区，总共有10道门，里面的7道门是互锁的，也就是说，如果一道门没有关好，另一道门肯定打不开，这样避免空气的流通。更衣区依次为外更衣室、淋浴室和内更衣室。消毒区为化学淋浴室，工作人员离开主实验室时首先经过化学淋浴消毒正压防护服表面。核心区任何相邻的门之间都有自动连锁装置，防止两个相邻的门被同时打开。对于不能从更衣室携带进出主实验室的材料、物品和器材，应在主实验室墙上设置具有双门结构的高压灭菌锅、浸泡消毒槽、熏蒸室或带有消毒装置的通风传递窗，以便进行传递或消毒。核心区里配有生物安全柜、超低温冰箱、离心机、电热细胞培养柜、显微镜和实验台、小型动物实验室等。生物安全柜顶上有一个直径0.5米左右的粗管子，直接通到房顶，它也是负压状态的，一些主要的操作都需要在生物安全柜中进行。
　　
　　从P4实验室拿出的相关的物品必须通过高压灭菌锅消毒后，再用洁净袋充分包装，然后通过传递窗传到准备间。离开P4时，核心区的工作人员要相互间把全身从上到下消毒一遍才能走到缓冲间，在缓冲间除去外层防护服、口罩、外层手套，然后将这些放入灭菌容器或消毒袋内。关闭实验室门之后，再取下防护眼镜，将其放入传递窗进行消毒。然后，工作人员经过另外一个缓冲间，退到准备间。在这里他们才可以取下身上所有的防护器具，立即在沐浴室洗澡后，才可离开实验室。P4实验室有严格、复杂的管理程序，为了保证P4实验室的安全，只有得到批准和持有磁卡通行证的人才能进入，有的通过指纹门禁系统进入，而且所有出入的人员都由电脑记录在案。
　　
　　这56个生物安全实验室遍布世界五大洲，其中非洲大陆只有两个，分别位于南非和加蓬。单论国家而言，美国多，有15个，其中包括一个正在建设中的、隶属军队的实验室，还包括一个归私人所有的P4实验室，位于Texas Biomedical Research Institute，德州生物医学研究所。
　　
　　我国的一个P4实验室，位于中科院武汉病毒所，目前尚在建设中。该实验室依托于武汉大学和中科院武汉病毒所的病毒学国家重点实验室，由世界排名的法国P4实验室合作建设，前期基础建设投入约2亿。
　　
　　根据媒体报道，如果进展顺利，该实验室到今年年底会有一个阶段性的成果，但是距离能够使用还有一段距离。相信目前的埃博拉疫情必须会推动该实验室的建设速度。
　　
　　除了埃博拉病毒，一些高致病性病毒，如马尔堡病毒、拉萨（Lassa）病毒、克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒、玻利维亚和阿根廷出血热病毒等都必须要在P4实验室操作。

关键词：实验室,埃博拉

上一篇：碧水源参与国内大地下污水处理厂投标 下一篇：“光电同步脑活动检测仪器开发”研讨会举行

全年征稿/资讯合作 联系邮箱：ybzhan@vip.qq.com

版权与免责声明: 1、凡本网注明"来源：仪表网"的所有作品，版权均属于仪表网，未经本网授权不得转载、摘编或利用其它方式使用上述作品。已经本网授权使用作品的，应在授权范围内使用，并注明"来源：仪表网"。违反上述声明者，本网将追究其相关法律责任。; 2、本网转载并注明自其它来源的作品，目的在于传递更多信息，并不代表本网赞同其观点或证实其内容的真实性，不承担此类作品侵权行为的直接责任及连带责任。其他媒体、网站或个人从本网转载时，必须保留本网注明的作品来源，并自负版权等法律责任。; 3、如涉及作品内容、版权等问题，请在作品发表之日起一周内与本网联系，否则视为放弃相关权利。; 4、合作、投稿、转载授权等相关事宜，请联系本网。

企业推荐

上海秉越电子仪器有限公司

主营

电子仪器，实验仪器，化学仪器

产品推荐

企业新闻

关注埃博拉疫情 盘点生物安全实验室

关注埃博拉疫情盘点生物安全实验室